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.ter . .~ ~i .~ a 4. Design lighting carefully Outdoor lighting consumes a large fraction of the electricity used in the United States. Site lighting can be designed to use less energy and minimize light pollution and trespass. ^ Identify lighting goals and determine lowest acceptable levels. ^ Use only fluorescent, high-intensity discharge (HID), or low pressure sodium lamps. ^ Specify Energy Star, photovoltaic or 12-volt for 100% of outdoor building and site fixtures. ^ For security, use lights with a photocell or motion sensor lights instead of all night illumination. ^ Specify that all exterior luminaries emit no light above horizontal OR are Dark Sky certifed. Visit www.darkskyorg for a list of fxtures approved by the International Dark Sky Association. ^ Prevent light trespass by selecting and placing fixtures that will not spill light onto neighboring properties. Benefits Power and energy use can be decreased. Lower operating costs can often recover higher initial purchase costs of newer more efficient lamps. 5. Choose and maintain equipment for fuel conservation Equipment is most often selected for its speed, cost and ease of use. However, reducing fossil fuel consumption is one of the most important practices the landscape professional can do to protect the environment, while lowering the cost of operating the equipment. ^ Use hand powered equipment when possible and take pride in the quality of the work. ^ Minimize the use of gas-powered blowers. ^ When using machinery, choose the smallest, most fuel efficient, lowest emission machinery required to get the job done. ^ As you upgrade your equipment & vehicles, select for fuel economy and low emissions. Select vehicles that operate on biodiesel or convert existing vehicles. ^ Keep every piece of equipment and vehicle tuned. ^ Recycle plant debris on site to minimize fuel consumption for hauling. ^ Require employee carpooling to sites and plan maintenance routes carefully. ^ Track the gallons of gas your business consumes and set goals to reduce that consumption. Manual labor may make the most economic sense for many landscape operations. You can cut the cost of fuel while protecting the health of your staff, and local air and water quality. 6. Specify low embodied energy materials Embodied energy is the energy consumed by all the processes associated with the production of an item, from the acquistion of natural resources to the delivery of the f nal product. The single most important factor in reducing the impact of embodied energy is to design long lived and adaptable Iandscapes.Transporting items the least distance reduces fuel consumption and air pollution and supports local economies. ^ Consider the source and embodied energy of all materials in the landscape, including stone, gravel, plants, lumber, furniture, etc. Use local stone, for example, rather than limestone shipped from the Midwest. ^ Select smaller container stock to increase the number of plants per delivery. Smaller plants also transplant better. ^ Use recycled and less highly processed materials, and avoid petroleum-based products, including synthetic fertilizers. Benefits Buying locally produced and low embodied energy products often reduces the cost of an item, as well as the hidden environmental costs of transporting materials, such as pollution. "Wre use so much fossil fuel that the energy that is used consumes more oxygen from the atmosphere than the landscapes actually provide. " - Bob Perry, Landscape Architect, Professor Emeritus, Cal Poly, Pomona 40