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9 <br />Voting Rights Act <br />Gingles Criteria: <br />1. The minority group must be <br />sufficiently large and <br />geographically compact to <br />constitute a majority in a district <br />2. The minority group must be <br />politically cohesive <br />3. The white majority votes <br />sufficiently as a block to enable <br />it to usually defeat the <br />minority's preferred candidate <br />9 <br />Cracking Packing <br />Concentrating <br />to minimize <br />influence in <br />other districts <br />Dispersing <br />into several <br />districts such <br />that a block- <br />voting majority <br />can routinely <br />outvote