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Programs are increasing and evolving. While <br />adoption of new programs has slowed somewhat <br />since 2010, IH programs are on the rise and evolving, <br />reflecting a growing willingness by local governments <br />to seek greater affordability from developers. Since <br />2011, an average of 19 new IH programs have been <br />adopted annually (Figure 2). In addition, IH policy <br />strengthening and adaptation to market dynamics is <br />common, as GSN found thattwo out of five programs <br />have undergone significant legislative updates in the <br />past three years, and one in five was under review at the <br />time of survey. Nine out of 10 IH programs apply to both <br />for -sale developments, predominantly single-family <br />homeownership programs, and for -rent developments, <br />which are predominantly multifamily rentals. <br />Methods of creating affordable units: Of the total <br />1,019 IH programs, 741 (or 73%) can create affordable <br />units directly, as opposed to indirect programs that <br />collect fees in an affordable housing fund and use <br />those fees to create affordable units. These 741 <br />programs include both traditional programs and <br />linkage/impact fee programs that offer one or more <br />of the following compliance options: 1) building <br />on-site affordable units; 2) building off-site affordable <br />units; 3) preserving/rehabilitating regulated units; and <br />4) purchasing/renovating unregulated units. <br />278 <br />1970s 1980s 19906 2000s 2010s <br />Figure 2. New program count by decade (n =595, or 58% of all programs) <br />Mandatory programs outnumber voluntary. <br />Some IH programs are voluntary, and a developer <br />can choose to include affordable housing units in a <br />new market rate development, generally in exchange <br />for development -related benefits. Other programs are <br />mandatory, and developers are required to include <br />affordable housing units in a new development but <br />may still receive development -related benefits in <br />exchange as an economic offset. <br />Mandatory programs may arise from a statewide law, <br />a court case, or from state regulations. According to <br />the GSN study, mandatory programs far outnumber <br />voluntary programs, with two -and -a -half times as many <br />mandatory programs as voluntary programs. Out of <br />681 traditional IH programs that reported, 65% were <br />mandatory, 25% were voluntary, and all applied to both <br />to single -family-owned and multifamily rental programs. <br />C <br />