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tactics which may persuade an individual to voluntarily comply or mitigate the need to use force. 5. Require Warnings Before Shooting Policy manual section 300.4 states the following in reference to shooting a fleeing suspect: "Where feasible, the officer shall, prior to the use of force, make reasonable efforts to identify themselves as a peace officer and to warn that deadly force may be used, unless the officer has objectively reasonable grounds to believe the person is aware of those facts." The policy has similar requirements to provide warning before deploying control devices such as batons, less-than-lethal ammunition, conducted electronic devices and canines. Not every situation allows time, opportunity or feasibility to provide verbal warnings. Like every person, officers are subject to perception and reaction time, and other contributing factors to perception and reaction time such as visual obscurity, ambiguity and suddenness of a situation requiring a response as well as stress and the complexity of the decision-making process. The Force Science Institute published a study in 2014 which evaluated officers' perception and reaction times during relatively simple and low-stress situations. The median perception-reaction time was .46 seconds with a maximum time recorded of .84 seconds. This study did not take into account drawing, aiming, safety release or any other physical movements. Studies of use of force have determined it takes the human brain at least 3/4 of a second to perceive a threat and another 3/4 of a second to physically react to it. This means that when officers perceive a threat to themselves or others, they are already approximately 1.5 seconds behind the suspect posing the threat. Depending on the situations, a warning may no longer be feasible at this time and therefore cannot be required in every situation. (Lewinski, W. J., Hudson, B., & Dysterheft, J. L. (2014). Police Officer Reaction Time to Start and Stop Shooting: The Influence of Decision-Making and Pattern Recognition. Law Enforcement Executive Forum, 14(2), 1-16.) In practice, officers are trained to always provide verbal warnings when time permits and when there is a possibility of gaining compliance by doing so. Staff recommends applying the existing warning requirement for shooting at fleeing suspects to all deadly force applications when feasible. 6. Comprehensive Reporting The police department has both policy and established procedures to review, document and track use of force incidents regardless of severity. Policy manual section 300.5 requires the documentation of all use of force by officers and a broad list of qualifications which require immediate notice be made to a supervisor. Page 13 of 17